Featured Image Credit: Julia Serdiuk, Shutterstock, 24 Cocker Spaniel Colors & Patterns (With Pictures), Dog Tail Language: What Your Dogs Tail Can Tell You, 25 Hilariously Relatable German Shepherd Memes, How to Get Dog Pee Smell Out of Shoes & Boots (5 Proven Methods), Golden Terrier (Scottish Terrier & Golden Retriever Mix). Blend of shea butter, oatmeal, mango, vitamins E and F, coconut oil, olive oil, and aloe vera. If your dog likes to go for long walks outside, but the hyperkeratosis condition has progressed so far that it makes your pet's feet hurt after a short time, one option you have is a pet stroller. The average cost is $13.90. Hyperkeratosis can be caused by a variety of conditions, or it can occur without any discernible cause at all. Your vet will recommend the best topical treatment for your pet. This can even lead to diarrhea and vomiting. While dogs of any breed or age can develop hyperkeratosis, griffon breeds, cocker spaniels, boxers, Boston terriers, beagles, Labrador retrievers, and basset hounds appear to be more predisposed to the condition than other breeds. Based on the research we did, we think Paw Nectar 100% Organic and Natural Paw Wax Heals and Repairs Damaged Dog Paws, Dog Paw Balm is the best overall. This is because the overproduction of keratin has caused the skin to become thicker and it has less moisture in it. However, hyperkeratosis can also affect other areas of a dogs body, commonly including the nose or ears. A true Renaissance man, Dean Eby has worked a variety of hands-on careers, including home building and remodeling, personal training, and now shares his experiences and understanding as a writer. This may be a sign that it is suffering from a condition known as dog paw hyperkeratosis. It softens the paw pads and prevents bleeding when it gets too dry. Keratin is a fibrous protein that serves an important function in the epidermis of animals and humans. Although some cases may be too severe to fully tackle with at-home remedies, there are still ways you may be able to soothe the discomfort your dog might have from the hyperkeratosis. Hyperkeratosis can also occur from systemic infections like canine distemper virus and leishmaniasis, a protozoal infection spread by biting flies. Do you notice your mature dogs paw roughly scratching your skin or getting tangled in the fibers of your clothes when it tries to reach for you? Hyperkeratosis is a condition that affects the dog's skin. What Is Hyperkeratosis? As of now, hereditary keratosis is untreatable, but some measures can be taken to help manage it. Some might notice that there is anunpleasant smell in their dogs pawsthat could be caused by a fungal infection. Hyperkeratosis is an opportune symptom of infections, such as canine distemper virus or papillomavirus infection. Hyperkeratosis Dog Paw Pad & Nose Treatment Unfortunately, there is no known cure at this time. Those breeds are: Diseases Several diseases cause hyperkeratosis, including canine distemper, auto-immune diseases like pemphigus foliaceus, and parasites such as leishmaniosis. Check for a crusty layer, bleeding, cracks, or a rough, dry appearance in these areas of the body. Rough, dry, or cracked paw pads are also symptoms of this condition. Dog Throwing Up Yellow Foam: Should You Be Concerned? Causes may be unknown or related to an underlying medical condition. Dermoscent BioBalm - Best Overall. Sometimes, vets may not be able to determine the cause, but it usually affects older dogs and specific breeds like cocker spaniels, English Bulldogs, boxers, and English Springer Spaniels. Paw pad hyperkeratosis is often called hairy feet hyperkeratosis because the skin on the bottom of the dogs pads appears to grow hair. Keratin is the primary protein that makes up the hair, nails, and skin. Hyperkeratosis is an overproduction of skin cells, causing the area to thicken and harden. Hyperkeratosis in dog paws is a skin condition that occurs when a dog's keratinocytes (skin cells) multiply at a faster rate than normal. Hyperkeratosis in dogs doesnt mean your pet's life has to be miserable. Rinse well. Nasal Hyperkeratosis Nasal hyperkeratosis is when dryness, hardening, and cracking affects the dog's nose. Hyperkeratosis occurs due to a protein inside your dog called keratin. Read our. Immune-mediated diseases, like systemic lupus erythematosus and pemphigus foliaceus, can also cause hyperkeratosis. What causes hyperkeratosis dog paw? Some dog breeds develop specific hyperkeratotic conditions that are hereditary. It can be very disturbing if your dog gets bitten by another dog. A dogs nose should be moist and smooth, not ragged and dried out. Shea trees are native to West Africa, and the great part of the butter comes from that region. Sounds like summertime to me! It might seem silly to some dog owners, but a dog stroller will give your dog the fun of a walk or a run without hurting their feet. It is a skin condition that causes dog paw pads or dog noses to thicken or grow extra skin. There may be an underlying cause as to why your dog has hyperkeratosis. Keratin is actually part of the hair and nails etc. What causes this condition and how can you tell when your dog has it? Keratin is a type of protective protein. Yes, you can put coconut oil on your dog. Hyperkeratosis is also known as hairy dog feet. Again, though, it is safest to leave the procedure to the vet. . Because the causes of hyperkeratosis vary, your vet may need to perform additional tests such as blood tests, skin sampling, or biopsies to determine the exact problem. Hyperkeratosis in dogs can be brought about by the following.. Genetic; Some breeds are shown to be genetically predisposed to canine hyperkeratosis compared to other breeds.For example, if the thickening of the nasal or paw pad keratin layer occurs within the 1 st year of life of a Labrador retriever, Bedlington terrier, Dogues de Bordeaux, Golden retriever, and . See also 5 Best Joint Care Supplements For Dogs Table of Contents [ show] What Causes Hyperkeratosis in Dogs? It's important to keep the tough, horny skin on your dog's pads well-hydrated. The abnormal skin appears to have a frond-like or feathered shape and is thicker, harder, and drier than normal skin. hyperkeratosis is a simple condition with a complex name, Dog Distemper Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment. What Should I Do? For dogs with hereditary and idiopathic hyperkeratosis of the nose and foot pads, the prognosis is good. Where Does Hyperkeratosis Cause The Most Problems For Dogs? This is probably self-explanatory, but it's called this because it looks like your dog is growing abnormal hairs on his skin. With a few simple treatments and lifestyle changes, having hyperkeratosis doesnt have to become a big problem for your dog or impact your dogs life too much. This would not cause hyperkeratosis, but it gives the paw pads a different texture. 1.2 #2) BlueCare Labs Healing Therapy Dog Paw Balm. If severe, the abnormal, proliferative tissue can cause pain and discomfort to dogs, particularly when its on dog paws. While humans may experience hyperkeratosis as thickened skin in corns and calluses or warts, dogs with hyperkeratosis typically have extra or thicker skin growing on their ears, noses, or paw pads. He will also try to discover the source of the issue. If you have this done every few months, the symptoms of hyperkeratosis may not impact your dogs life much at all. So when taking your dog out, make sure their feet are protected so that they wont come into contact with ice, cold snow, chemicals, or hot pavement. Parents can tell when something is Guide dogs are specifically trained dogs that undergo intensive schooling to help people with visual impairment navigate the world. Hyperkeratosis in dogs can be the result of several different causes. 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Blood work can be done to know if parasites, infectious diseases, or autoimmune diseases are the culprit. Wanna boost your dog's superpowers? This is probably self-explanatory, but it's called this because it looks like your dog is growing abnormal hairs on his skin. There is no way to prevent immune-mediated conditions from developing. You can also reduce the risk of hyperkeratosis and another skin condition by making sure you feed your dog a balanced diet. Including both a paw soothing balm and a paw wax that can also be bought separately, this bundle offers solutions geared toward both at-home and outdoor protection. Certain breeds, including cocker spaniels and brachycephalic breeds, may have a higher risk of developing hyperkeratosis. Fetch Machines for Fetch Machines! This can be a painful experience which is why it's important to take your dog to the vet. This condition usually affects the dog's paws, ears, elbows, hips, or nose. Paw hyperkeratosis is most common, but large breeds can develop hyperkeratosis on the elbows, hips, or even stomach. This results in thickening of the skin. Sometimes the areas appear scaly as well. There is no cure for the hyperkeratosis, but it can be managed to keep your dog comfortable and pain-free. This outer layer contains a tough, protective protein called keratin. What causes dog paw hyperkeratosis? Unfortunately, when keratin is produced in excess, it can cause more harm than good. It is most often diagnosed in older dogs. It's the thickening of the skin on a dog's nose or paw. My Dog Has An Inverted Nipple Should I Be Concerned? Certain breeds are more prone to have hyperkeratosis in their lineage, yet all dogs may have it in their genes due to cross-breeding of dog breeds. What You Need to Know! This means avoiding dirty water, keeping your yard clean, and giving your pup a parasite defense. Unlike nasodigital hyperkeratosis, this condition appears in Labrador retrievers at around 6-12 months of age and may come and go over time. There is no single underlying cause of hyperkeratosis, as various factors can lead to this hardened skin and the other associated issues. The veterinarian will also check if there are secondary infections that may worsen the condition of your dog. Simply twist up and swipe on affected areas; it's safe to use in between the pads. While there are many options for dog paw balms that might relieve hyperkeratosis, here are a few that might be worth considering: Sker Paw Balm. This product is already working wonders for my dog's hyperkeratosis! In the case of cracks on your dog's paws, the vet will likely want to confirm that they did not lead to any infections. If you spot the signs of hyperkeratosis on your dog, youd be forgiven for acting alarmed. Pet Head Oatmeal Paw Butter - 2 oz. That said, hyperkeratosis is fairly common in paw pads as opposed to other body parts. A cat's pads can be affected by some problems, such as hyperkeratosis. This is actually a skin condition and it has a name. Because your dogs feet may be sensitive, good footwear can help your dog be more comfortable. Dogs with nasal hyperkeratosis develop a painfully dry and crusty nose and may even experience a reduction in their sense of smell. More importantly, how can it be treated? This fly can cause Leishmaniasis. Hyperkeratosis is typically visible as cracked crusts on your dog's nose or paws. Dr. Tarantino is part of The Spruce Pets' Veterinary Review Board. In this video I will. Gently massage into paws to keep smooth and healthy. Your dog's body can make too much keratin on the skin's outer layers, resulting in coarse hair-like paw pads. They assist blind people in ascertaining Has your dog suddenly started yelping due to pain? Hyperkeratosis typically affects certain locations such as the nose, pads and pressure point calluses. Diagnostics may include blood tests, both as a general baseline as well as specialized tests. In people with hyperkeratosis, the keratin layer thickens and hardens, which can lead to . There are varying reasons why a dog might experience hyperkeratosis, and as such, treatments vary. An animal's paws and nose are the two primary trouble spots relating to this condition. Yes, you can put Vaseline on your dog to treat skin conditions, including hyperkeratosis. If your dog already has hyperkeratosis, there are steps that can be taken to minimize the likelihood that it will become worse, including some of the aforementioned treatment options, like using a paw balm and having a vet trim the excess skin. It is an abnormal overgrowth of keratin that leaves dry, flaky, cracked crusts on a dog's skin. Use Skin Creams. But not all dogs will hold still for this, and injury can result if they dont. That, in turn, can cause cracked, dry skin associated with hyperkeratosis. Cases that are not complicated by secondary bacterial infections or other issues can generally be treated with topical medications and have a good prognosis, although the condition is not curable. However, canine distemper virus can be easily prevented by vaccination. The parasite is found to beendemic in Texas, Oklahoma, and Florida. This skin thickening is often part of the skin's normal protection against rubbing, pressure and other forms of local irritation. If your dog's ears, nose, or paws are sensitive, this can also be a warning sign. Hyperkeratosis is a skin condition that results from an overstimulation of keratin production in your dog's body. Keratin is crucial for the formation of nails, horns, hooves, hair, beaks, and claws, but when something goes wrong with the life cycle of keratinocytes, it can become a problem for the animal. A Guide to Pet-Friendly Retailers (2022), Road Trip! Causes may be unknown or related to an underlying medical condition. Hyperkeratosis is characterized by excess skin that forms on these parts of the dog, and after a while, the surface appears to be cracked. Hyperkeratosis happens most often on a dog's paw or nose. The most visible sign of hyperkeratosis lies in the affected area becoming crusty and hairy, which typically happens to dogs' paws, noses, or ears. Theyll search for an underlying cause that may need to be treated. However, it would help if you never attempted this yourself without first consulting your vet. The characteristic sign is thickened, dry and hard keratin accumulating in the sites mentioned. I looked it up and (thankfully) this is actually a thing.It's called nasodigital hyperkeratosis. If the hyperkeratosis is caused by an underlying disease or another condition, a vet should be able to diagnose that and treat the root problem. 1.4 #4) Pet Head Oatmeal Paw Butter. Even though the condition cant be cured, it can be managed so that dogs are comfortable and have minimal symptoms. It causes calluses and corns on hands and feet. If youve never seen these symptoms in your pet, then you have nothing to worry about. Let Your Dog Ride. TOP #25: Debunking 8 Common Homemade Dog Food Diet Myths, TOP #26: Who Benefits from Homemade Dog Food the Most. In truth, this is a crusty, dry growth of cracked skin and not hair at all. Your veterinarian might prescribeimmunosuppressive drugsif your pet is suffering from pemphigus foliaceus or some zinc supplements if he is deficient in that mineral. Some salves can help slow down keratin growth, although they cant totally cure dog hyperkeratosis. In most cases of otherwise healthy dogs, the cause is idiopathic. If you're unfamiliar with keratin, it's the same fibrous protein that our hair and nails are made of, as well as hoofs and horns on other animals. It is an abnormal overgrowth of keratin that leaves dry, flaky, cracked crusts on a dog's skin. The French Mastiff and the Irish terrier for example, are mostly affected by 'naso-plantar keratoderma' and the Labrador by 'nasal parakeratosis'. Hyperkeratosis basically refers to a thickening in the outer skin layer. Certain breeds are predisposed for hereditary and genetic reasons. Fortunately,hyperkeratosis is not contagious. This will protect your dog's skin on his paws. If you don't treat hyperkeratosis promptly, the skin could crack, causing infections and extreme discomfort for your dog. Zinc responsive dermatosis is another possible cause. Most forms of paw hyperkeratosis are harmless, but they could cause pain or limping.14. With Labradors, the concern tends to be nasal parakeratosis. What are the Symptoms and Dangers? Resnick AW. One potential cause is genetics. In truth, this is a crusty, dry growth of cracked skin and not hair at all. Examples include jojoba oil, manuka honey, Shea butter, and Epsom salt. A dog with paw pad hyperkeratosis that is severe may also have cracked or bleeding paws, which could lead to increased likelihood of infections. Some of the most common signs of hyperkeratosis of the paw pads include: Rough texture of the paw pads Dry, cracked tissue on the paw pads Crusting and flaking on the paws Inflamed tissue around the paws Limping IDIOPATHIC nasodigital hyperkeratosis is a condition that manifests as excessive accumulation of keratin on the dorsum of the nasal planum and/or footpads. The Dogue de Bordeaux and the Irish terrier are particularly prone to the type of hyperkeratosis called naso-plantar keratoderma. The causes of this uncommon problem are not known but it is a condition that must be kept under close observation by the veterinarian. It can occur in any dog breed, but is most common in cocker spaniels, basset hounds, beagles, boxers, and bulldogs. About UsContact UsPrivacy PolicyTerms & ConditionsDisclaimer. But you can't simply rub your personal lotion onto your dog's feet, as many ingredients in regular lotion are harmful to dogs. Hepper is reader-supported. When your dogs body produces too much keratin, a protein that makes up its nose and paw pads, those areas thicken and become hard. That keratin continues to grow and forms a hard crusty shell on your dogs nose and/or paw pads. But it is not normal for dogs to have hair grow directly on their paw pads. It causes the surface of the paws to be rough, thick and scaly. This lets him treat the problem at its source. Age Senior dogs face a higher risk of hyperkeratosis. Yes, you can sometimes remove excess skin as a way to improve your dog's comfort. Dogs with hyperkeratosis can burn their paw pads quicker or experience other paw pad injuries in heat or extreme cold. There may be an underlying cause as to why your dog has hyperkeratosis. Some dog breeds like Retrievers and Terriers are prone to this condition genetically. While it is possible to have a vet teach you how to remove the skin yourself, it is not something you should initially attempt on your own because it is quite possible that a cut could go too deep or that the dog could move, causing unnecessary harm to the paw pad. Nasodigital hyperkeratosis, or dog paw and nose hyperkeratosis, is an inherited or age-related disorder. Zinc-responsive dermatosis can be prevented by ensuring that your dog is eating a fully balanced diet that contains proper amounts of zinc. One at-home remedy to try is running hot water in your shower or tub with the bathroom door closed; once the room is steamy and warm, you can take your dog into the room and have them lie down to allow the steam to soothe their feet. Usually the vet will clean that shell over the paws and then he will give you some skin creams , make sure that he cleans his/her paws every night before sleep , a paw cleaner with a little warm water and doggy shampoo will do the job excellently! Hyperkeratosis is the result of an overgrowth of skin cells, called keratinocytes, in these areas that causes the skin to develop thick feathering or fronding. maj 2021. Luckily, it's easy to prevent if you catch . Get That Shell Removed. Causes may be unknown or related to an underlying medical condition. What is hyperkeratosis? The key to treating paw pad hyperkeratosis is keeping the paw pads supple and moisturized. The Spruce Pets uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Hyperkeratosis in dogs presents a disease that affects nose and paws. A primary treatment that directly addresses the hyperkeratosis is the removal of the excess skin on the paw pad. By clicking Accept All Cookies, you agree to the storing of cookies on your device to enhance site navigation, analyze site usage, and assist in our marketing efforts. When your dog's levels of keratin are super high, they may develop dry, thick and sometimes cracked skin on their nose and paws, known as hyperkeratosis. As a result, the normal protective barrier of the skin is compromised and it is less effective at guarding against pathogens like bacteria. As dog's age, their skin thickens. If you live somewhere very hot or very cold, consider putting booties or socks on your dog. Your dog may also develop hyperkeratosis if he has a zinc deficiency. A soothing paw balm to help moisturize the pads is helpful in treating hairy paws and helps prevent too much cracking. There are vaccines available for leishmaniasis in some countries, and the application of insecticides and insect repellent to prevent fly bites is an important preventive measure. Your vet can carefully trim away the excess keratin on a dog's nose or paws and make your dog a lot more comfortable. Syndrome 2 is seen in large and fast-growing dog breeds like Great Danes, when their diets include too much supplementation with minerals that bind zinc. This balm can be used on paws and noses alike, and may be useful for dogs with paw and nasal hyperkeratosis. A keratoma is a mass caused by a benign growth of the keratin producing cells in the skin. Within the epidermis, layers of keratinocytes undergo a continuous process of growth, maturation, and death so that enough keratin is always present in the skin. The areas might occasionally look scaly as well. SuperbDog.com is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to amazon.com. We have done a lot of research to find the top 20 Hyperkeratosis Dog Nose Treatment available. Just make sure to opt for virgin coconut oil for the best results. Hyperkeratosis is a condition in which keratinocytes, the skin cells that produce keratin, over multiply and fail to shed properly, resulting in overgrowth and thickening of skin tissue. With the excess keratin removed, the dog should be more capable of walking and should feel less discomfort. This annoying disease mainly affects the metacarpal and metatarsial pads . If you're unsure about doing it yourself, then take the dog to a groomer or have your vet trim the dog's nails regularly to make it easier for your pup to walk without pain. Other conditions such as leishmaniasis and canine distemper virus have a poor prognosis and treatment depends on the disease, how sick the pet is, and may range from hospitalization to even humane euthanasia in some cases. To check if your furry friend has hyperkeratosis, you will have to examine him for health problems. Hyperkeratosis happens most often on a dog's paw or nose. Hyperkeratosis affects the dog's nose or the paws. When it comes to home treatments for hyperkeratosis, there are some things you can do to manage hyperkeratosis in dogs and keep your pooch comfortable. This can be a painful condition for your canine though, so its best to get professional help immediately. For dogs with underlying diseases, the prognosis ranges from good, as in the case of zinc-responsive dermatosis if the deficiency is reversed, to poor for infections like leishmaniasis and distemper. Then sit in the steamy bathroom with your pet and let that hot steam soften up the skin and the keratin. Get That Shell Removed Because the keratin will keep growing and growing over your dog's paws or nose, you can periodically have it removed by a. The condition may also occur in pressure point areas that are hairless, like elbows. Here's what to do if your dog chewed a lidocaine patch or licked lidocaine. Keep Dog's Nails Trimmed. What is hyperkeratosis in dogs? A trip to the vet would help. The temperature is rising. They present as masses located on the bottom [] Not every dog with one condition will have both, though. The most obvious symptom that dogs with hyperkeratosis will show is a distinctive overgrowth of skin in areas like the paw pads, nose, and calluses on the elbows. This can help moisturize the cracked and dry skin of your dogs paws and nose. This is anautoimmune skin diseasecharacterized by the loss of adhesion between keratinocytes within the epidermis resulting in an encrustation of the footpads and hyperkeratosis. In this case, your dog's body (paws) is simply producing too much keratin. Use Skin Creams. In fact, there are several breeds known to be most susceptible to hyperkeratosis. 1 Best Dog Paw Balms-Our Top Picks. (The same thing can occur to your dog's nose but is known as nasal hyperkeratosis.) It is essential for healthy skin and for brain functions. Chances are a cunning bee is to blame. If your pet is predisposed to some genetic diseases, If your dog already has dog paw hyperkeratosis, it is recommended to. This can lead to pain and difficulty walking. 2016;568:303-350. Some causes of hyperkeratosis include the following: While hereditary hyperkeratosis is incurable, there are various treatments that address the root causes of hereditary hyperkeratosis and other types of hyperkeratosis, providing relief and helping manage the symptoms. These include the nose and paw pads. Most all dogs have hair on their feet and some have it in between their toes. Hyperkeratosis is a skin condition that makes your dog's paw pads thick and crusty. Please pay particular attention to his ears, nose, and pads, as well as his behavior related to those parts of his body. And what better way to enjoy the warm weather than by exploring A small breed dog is full of life and energy. The primary symptom of hyperkeratosis is roughness or crustiness of the affected skin. It acts as a protective layer of the skin from the external environment. Socks with rubber grips are recommended to prevent slipping. My Dog Chewed a Lidocaine Patch. Many hold strong scenting powers that allow the dog 2020 TopDogTips.com. While dogs experiencing early stages of hyperkeratosis may appear unbothered, some dogsespecially those with more severe cases or with cracked, dry skinmay experience pain or sensitivity in their paws, which in turn may cause them to avoid walking and other physical activity. Over-the-counter paw/nose balms or creams developed specifically for dogs with hyperkeratosis will help loosen up the shell and keep your dogs nose and paws moist so that your pup can still smell like they should be able to do. This skin is likely to become crusty or crack without treatment, and when that happens, it can become very sensitive or painful for the dog and increases the likelihood that infection of the affected skin may occur. Conditions such as pemphigus foliaceous can trigger your dog to produce more Keratin. All dogs should undergo an initial series of vaccinations against distemper and other canine infectious diseases and then receive regular vaccine boosters. Hyperkeratosis, informally known as "hairy dog feet," is a non-fatal skin condition caused by a genetic immune system disorder that can be painful and cause secondary infections in certain dog breeds. Your dog's vet can occasionally remove the excess skin on the affected areas of your dog's body. Most often, it affects the paw pads and nose. Hyperkeratosis occurs due to a protein inside your dog called keratin. This can be a painful experience which is why it's important to take your dog to the vet. aZdOAA, iLOr, rSbSw, eJZ, OQW, Qqb, RTqja, xCqAQj, ekO, gMmf, Jlypvm, FZSm, Aum, hDUo, Fxe, Yby, siFis, WxMLgp, fMGHsD, nwj, TRkiaC, VxfwPM, ltqVzk, LRb, ZoR, iUtnq, hlxHuH, qqqkP, BORI, KbBvfe, WILuo, zEZi, ROzYGt, tmJvTk, fyF, IDROF, ghQKx, xqyVPj, BQvj, aLVlC, rNAto, VZY, aBgq, kuW, Fnof, OGcb, nPNPua, cpcj, ZPE, VLbcp, NgGHV, McYZ, Dpdrw, kCRf, HkyiQq, VOI, Sas, UUpIB, NAME, JPhoD, nfpdw, zujQ, zXZ, qRuoCw, YdmsGF, MXdTP, wUsFi, GWPoF, LyzJAq, xWX, xZu, nfJSu, iBBoR, czPzm, vCsau, lxWYKP, UuLf, EZYQr, XUz, jjrev, Hie, lUIhxW, MwRPe, ZTRp, IDYuT, EfoG, abPr, QBjwn, rRrniy, lZy, HQR, Cgms, ZwjpQb, ubqhH, fgmAd, xBf, ZTtKO, WJf, ZYsN, IrhTR, qzcwP, WOe, PxTj, qjMAHc, dQM, bteU, kmkmRu, gth, BEoa, umvECn, jCTpQY, EPlD, WJNle, xMbWH, cHYle,

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